Yuktepat

This is an abridgment of my more comprehensive grammar on my hard drive. As I work through editing my general grammar, filling out the patchy spots, I will be adding new sections to this page, section by section - hopefully every week, although knowing myself, it probably won't be.

Background

Tepat

Tiptum, the continent on which Tepat sits, is the easternmost and second largest continent on the planet. The continent as a whole stretches from the tropics to the polar regions. Tepat claims all land south of 37 degrees latitude, as well as land within 50 km on either side of the Pemet, Lower Phitim, and Luqtal rivers not otherwise within that range. The lifeline of Tepat is the great river valley cutting diagonally through its center. The two major rivers of the north, the Pemet and Phitim, merge in the center of the country at Xhangtyel, the 'Meeting of Waters,' to form the Yot Klun, 'Wide River.'

Familial Relationship

It is a member of an important language family, known as the Macro-Tepatic family, naturally, which covered the majority of the middle latitudes of Tiptum. The most closely-related one is Yuk Notoq. Notoqic is very similar but more conservative; in the feudal age of Tepat, they are nearly indistinguishable, and Yuk Notoq has remained in that mold. Notoq inherited the same basic writing system, and the languages were easily legible to each other before the Great Script Reform. Outside of Yuknotoq, Yuktepat’s closest relative is Yuh Rolov, the former majority language of the Qolup Autonomous Region, followed by Teenotkutsu on the eastern coast (a camptive of the East Coast City States Sprachbund). The existence of other closely related languages is implied, by surviving place names and personal names, and references to other nations in Tepatic historical records. It has been speculated that, in the shadows of remote and rugged mountains, certain languages persist undercover, regarded as divergent dialects of Yuk Tepat.

History

Yuktepat is often broadly divided into Conciliar, Pre-Conciliar, and Post-Conciliar Yuktepat, which may also be called Classical, Old, and New Yuktepat. Pre-Conciliar Yuktepat stretches from the earliest written sources until the unification of Qom. Conciliar Yuktepat is dated from that or the year of the Great Script Reform. New Yuktepat begins after the disintegration of the Conciliarity, as local dialects begin to take on a life of their own, in the absence of any overarching authority. Archaic Yuktepat is also sometimes used to refer to a variety of the language predating true written records.

The present work deals primarily with written Classical Yuktepat. As such I have abided by the practice of keeping the main text focused on the standard language of the capital during the Classic period, by shunting all other information of a dialectal or historical (both prospective and retrospective) nature into footnotes - with the obvious exception of the dedicated chapters on history and dialects. This allows those readers looking for main points to read through without distraction, while the footnotes are still there for those readers who like tangents, and who like footnotes (as I do).

The Great Language Reform, which marked the beginning of Classical Yuktepat, also marked the beginning of traditional Tepatic linguistics. Intellectuals believed the standard language was a force for progress, and naturally, linguistics was used as a tool for this, making it very prescriptive. Tepatic linguistic philosophy was greatly concerned with proper order. The written logograms suggested pronunciation only loosely, but differences in word order were immediately apparent. It was taken for granted that in different dialects a glyph would have different pronunciations.

Characteristics

• Logographic writing - Almost every morpheme has a unique symbol - usually with two parts, a semantic element and a phonetic one - made by combining a set of several hundred ‘radicals.’
• Self-segregating - almost. Most words are CVC (consonant-vowel-consonant). Function words are mostly CV (if they come at the beginning of phrases) or VC (if they come at the end). This means that most consonant clusters occur at word and phrase boundaries, so many sentences can be parsed by sound alone.
• Monosyllabicity - morphemes are one syllable. In the ancient language words are also mostly one syllable / morpheme, but the number of compound words has grown massively
• Head-Modifier - Yuk Tepat has strict word order, and that order is consistently head-first, modifier second: Nouns come before adjectives and relative clauses; possessors come after possessed items; sentences overall are SVO. Word order is the same in questions; question words do not move to the front of the sentence.
• Analytical / Isolating - Yuk Tepat has little morphology; almost none of it would be considered inflectional.
• The main way of forming new words is compounding.
• Words do not change to mark case, gender, number, tense, mood, voice, etc. Most words are invariable in form, no matter how they are used, or where.
• Word order, with some relational words, is the main way of indicating the relationship between words.
• There is no distinctive form for ‘nouns,’ ‘verbs,’ etc. Words can change part of speech without changing form, simply by changing position. Similarly, verbs can alternate between transitive and intransitive simply by adding or dropping arguments.
• Dependent-marking - when marking occurs at all, it’s usually on dependents (but, check the archaic pronominal suffixes).
• Two-argument limit - Verbs have at least one argument, and at most two. Complex situations with multiple arguments in English require tacking on additional verbs for each added argument, which leads to long chains of verbs. This also means there are no subject-less verbs, which leads to…
• Non-pro-drop - in subjects at least. Every sentence has an explicit subject, including commands. Objects, however, can be omitted and inferred from context.
• Alignment is nominative-accusative, indicated through word order; for “experiential” verbs though it tends to make the experiencer the OBJECT and the stimulus the SUBJECT.
• Negation is treated similarly to counting with numbers. There are also some suppletive negative verbs.
• The reference system in pronouns and third person nominals operates on what I’d call an “early bird” basis, where participants get assigned to pronouns based primarily on the order in which they appear in discourse.

• “Linear,” meaning that words had a strict order within the sentence, and also incorporating the 2-arguments-only, one on each side; opposed to “radial” languages, such as Arajan, where the verb was conceived of as the hub of a sentence-wheel, with multiple arguments emanating from it, and variable word order
• “Relativist,” meaning that words derived their role solely from their position relative to other words; opposed to “absolutist” languages where words had inherent categories that were evident on the form of the word.

Phonology

Syllable structure of Yuk Tepat

C1(G)V(C2)

hence

• CV
• CVC
• CGV
• CGVC

...are all possible with CVC being most common. C1 can be almost any consonant; G is the sonorants /l j w/; C2 is only plain stops, nasals, and /l j w/. There is an additional constraint that, with few exceptions, C1 =/= C2.

A few other restrictions apply; for example, /i/ cannot occur with /j/, or /u/ with /w/, and front vowels /i e/ cannot occur next to uvular consonants.

Traditional Tepatic grammar divides syllables (and morphemes, which are one syllable) into 2 types:

• Qak (strong, bold) syllables have C(G)VC shape, contain any of the vowels, and mostly correspondent to ‘content words.’ They receive a ‘beat’ in prosody.
• Hûk (weak, pale) syllables are either CV or VC, contain only the unstresed vowels /i u ɨ ǝ/, and are function morphemes. They do not receive a ‘beat.’ CV is used for prefixes and proclitics, and VC is used for suffixes and enclitics.

Lexicon

Parts of Speech

Syntax

Pragmatics

Literature

The Future